diff --git a/app/src/main/java/eu/darken/capod/pods/core/apple/aap/AapConnection.kt b/app/src/main/java/eu/darken/capod/pods/core/apple/aap/AapConnection.kt
index 596b076b..4b064392 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/eu/darken/capod/pods/core/apple/aap/AapConnection.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/eu/darken/capod/pods/core/apple/aap/AapConnection.kt
@@ -38,8 +38,7 @@ internal class AapConnection(
     private val device: BluetoothDevice,
     private val profile: AapDeviceProfile,
     private val socketFactory: L2capSocketFactory,
-    private val timeSource: TimeSource,
-    private val psm: Int = 0x1001,
+    timeSource: TimeSource,
 ) {
 
     private val engine = AapSessionEngine(profile, timeSource)
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ internal class AapConnection(
         engine.start(scope)
 
         try {
-            val sock = socketFactory.createSocket(device, psm)
+            val sock = socketFactory.createSocket(device, PSM)
             sock.connect()
             socket = sock
             log(TAG, INFO) { "Connected to ${device.address}" }
@@ -168,6 +167,7 @@ internal class AapConnection(
     }
 
     companion object {
+        private const val PSM = 0x1001
         private val TAG = logTag("AAP", "Connection")
     }
 }
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/eu/darken/capod/pods/core/apple/aap/AapSessionEngine.kt b/app/src/main/java/eu/darken/capod/pods/core/apple/aap/AapSessionEngine.kt
index f9daf6cd..aaab6c41 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/eu/darken/capod/pods/core/apple/aap/AapSessionEngine.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/eu/darken/capod/pods/core/apple/aap/AapSessionEngine.kt
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ internal class AapSessionEngine(
     private var ancDebounceJob: Job? = null
     private var lastSentCommand: AapCommand? = null
     private var lastSentAt: Long = 0L
+    /** Separate tracking for ANC sends — not overwritten by non-ANC commands during flush. */
+    private var lastAncSentAt: Long = 0L
     private var handshakeResponseReceived: Boolean = false
 
     /** Stored reference to the socket write callback — set on each [send] / flush call. */
@@ -82,6 +84,7 @@ internal class AapSessionEngine(
         scope = null
         lastSentCommand = null
         lastSentAt = 0L
+        lastAncSentAt = 0L
         activeSendRaw = null
         handshakeResponseReceived = false
         _state.value = AapPodState(connectionState = AapPodState.ConnectionState.DISCONNECTED)
@@ -148,7 +151,9 @@ internal class AapSessionEngine(
     private suspend fun wrappedSend(sendRaw: suspend (AapCommand) -> Unit, command: AapCommand) {
         sendRaw(command)
         lastSentCommand = command
-        lastSentAt = timeSource.currentTimeMillis()
+        val now = timeSource.currentTimeMillis()
+        lastSentAt = now
+        if (command is AapCommand.SetAncMode) lastAncSentAt = now
     }
 
     private fun onVerificationOutcome(outcome: AapSettingsCoordinator.VerificationOutcome) {
@@ -173,6 +178,16 @@ internal class AapSessionEngine(
         val hex = message.raw.joinToString(" ") { "%02X".format(it) }
         log(TAG, VERBOSE) { "MSG cmd=0x${"%04X".format(message.commandType)} len=${message.raw.size} raw=$hex" }
 
+        // HANDSHAKING → READY: first non-settings-echo message means the device is talking.
+        // Must happen before any early returns so decoded messages (battery, stem, etc.) also trigger it.
+        if (!handshakeResponseReceived && message.commandType != 0x0009
+            && _state.value.connectionState == AapPodState.ConnectionState.HANDSHAKING
+        ) {
+            handshakeResponseReceived = true
+            _state.value = _state.value.copy(connectionState = AapPodState.ConnectionState.READY)
+            log(TAG) { "Connection READY" }
+        }
+
         // Issue #173 diagnostic dump
         if (message.commandType == 0x001D) {
             val segments = describeDeviceInfoSegments(message.payload)
@@ -241,8 +256,7 @@ internal class AapSessionEngine(
             // ANC debounce
             if (value is AapSetting.AncMode) {
                 val isFirstAncMode = _state.value.setting<AapSetting.AncMode>() == null
-                val recentAncSend =
-                    lastSentCommand is AapCommand.SetAncMode && (timeSource.currentTimeMillis() - lastSentAt) <= 3000L
+                val recentAncSend = lastAncSentAt > 0L && (timeSource.currentTimeMillis() - lastAncSentAt) <= 3000L
                 if (isFirstAncMode || recentAncSend) {
                     ancDebounceJob?.cancel()
                     _state.value = _state.value.withSetting(key, value).copy(lastMessageAt = timeSource.now())
@@ -309,7 +323,10 @@ internal class AapSessionEngine(
                                 break
                             }
                         }
-                        commands.lastOrNull()?.let {
+                        // Verify ANC mode if it was in the batch (most important for divergence detection).
+                        // Fall back to verifying the last command if no ANC was flushed.
+                        val toVerify = commands.firstOrNull { it is AapCommand.SetAncMode } ?: commands.lastOrNull()
+                        toVerify?.let {
                             coordinator.startVerification(
                                 it,
                                 this,
@@ -322,22 +339,9 @@ internal class AapSessionEngine(
                 }
             }
 
-            // HANDSHAKING → READY transition
-            if (!handshakeResponseReceived && _state.value.connectionState == AapPodState.ConnectionState.HANDSHAKING) {
-                handshakeResponseReceived = true
-                _state.value = _state.value.copy(connectionState = AapPodState.ConnectionState.READY)
-                log(TAG) { "Connection READY" }
-            }
             return
         }
 
-        // Track handshake response for non-setting messages too
-        if (!handshakeResponseReceived && message.commandType != 0x0009 && _state.value.connectionState == AapPodState.ConnectionState.HANDSHAKING) {
-            handshakeResponseReceived = true
-            _state.value = _state.value.copy(connectionState = AapPodState.ConnectionState.READY)
-            log(TAG) { "Connection READY" }
-        }
-
         val payloadHex = message.payload.joinToString(" ") { "%02X".format(it) }
         val sinceSend = if (lastSentAt == 0L) -1L else timeSource.currentTimeMillis() - lastSentAt
         val lastSend = lastSentCommand?.let { it::class.simpleName } ?: "none"
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/eu/darken/capod/pods/core/apple/aap/AapSettingsCoordinator.kt b/app/src/main/java/eu/darken/capod/pods/core/apple/aap/AapSettingsCoordinator.kt
index e527a868..e954fa96 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/eu/darken/capod/pods/core/apple/aap/AapSettingsCoordinator.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/eu/darken/capod/pods/core/apple/aap/AapSettingsCoordinator.kt
@@ -73,7 +73,16 @@ internal class AapSettingsCoordinator(
             commands = pendingCommands.values.toList()
             pendingCommands.clear()
         }
-        val sorted = commands.sortedBy { if (it is AapCommand.SetAncMode) 0 else 1 }
+        // Dependency-aware ordering:
+        // AllowOffOption must precede AncMode (device rejects OFF without it)
+        // AncMode must precede mode-dependent settings (e.g. AdaptiveAudioNoise)
+        val sorted = commands.sortedBy {
+            when (it) {
+                is AapCommand.SetAllowOffOption -> 0
+                is AapCommand.SetAncMode -> 1
+                else -> 2
+            }
+        }
         return sorted to snapshot()
     }
 
diff --git a/app/src/test/java/eu/darken/capod/pods/core/apple/aap/AapSessionEngineTest.kt b/app/src/test/java/eu/darken/capod/pods/core/apple/aap/AapSessionEngineTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9db06782
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/src/test/java/eu/darken/capod/pods/core/apple/aap/AapSessionEngineTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+package eu.darken.capod.pods.core.apple.aap
+
+import eu.darken.capod.common.TimeSource
+import eu.darken.capod.pods.core.apple.aap.protocol.AapCommand
+import eu.darken.capod.pods.core.apple.aap.protocol.AapDeviceProfile
+import eu.darken.capod.pods.core.apple.aap.protocol.AapMessage
+import eu.darken.capod.pods.core.apple.aap.protocol.AapSetting
+import eu.darken.capod.pods.core.apple.aap.protocol.KeyExchangeResult
+import eu.darken.capod.pods.core.apple.aap.protocol.StemPressEvent
+import io.kotest.matchers.collections.shouldBeEmpty
+import io.kotest.matchers.nulls.shouldBeNull
+import io.kotest.matchers.nulls.shouldNotBeNull
+import io.kotest.matchers.shouldBe
+import io.mockk.every
+import io.mockk.mockk
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.first
+import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
+import kotlinx.coroutines.test.TestScope
+import kotlinx.coroutines.test.UnconfinedTestDispatcher
+import kotlinx.coroutines.test.advanceTimeBy
+import kotlinx.coroutines.test.runCurrent
+import kotlinx.coroutines.test.runTest
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Nested
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
+import testhelpers.BaseTest
+import java.time.Instant
+import kotlin.reflect.KClass
+
+class AapSessionEngineTest : BaseTest() {
+
+    private val timeSource = mockk<TimeSource> {
+        every { now() } returns Instant.ofEpochMilli(1000L)
+        every { currentTimeMillis() } returns 1000L
+    }
+
+    private fun dummyMessage(commandType: Int = 0x0009): AapMessage {
+        val header = byteArrayOf(0x04, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00)
+        val cmdBytes = byteArrayOf((commandType and 0xFF).toByte(), ((commandType shr 8) and 0xFF).toByte())
+        val raw = header + cmdBytes
+        return AapMessage(raw = raw, commandType = commandType, payload = ByteArray(0))
+    }
+
+    /** Build a profile mock with all decode methods stubbed. Does NOT mock encodeCommand (sealed class). */
+    private fun mockProfile(block: AapDeviceProfile.() -> Unit = {}): AapDeviceProfile = mockk {
+        every { decodeStemPress(any()) } returns null
+        every { decodeBattery(any()) } returns null
+        every { decodePrivateKeyResponse(any()) } returns null
+        every { decodeDeviceInfo(any()) } returns null
+        every { decodeSetting(any()) } returns null
+        every { encodeHandshake() } returns ByteArray(10)
+        every { encodeNotificationEnable() } returns emptyList()
+        every { encodeInitExt() } returns ByteArray(10)
+        every { encodePrivateKeyRequest() } returns null
+        block()
+    }
+
+    private fun createEngine(
+        profile: AapDeviceProfile = mockProfile(),
+    ): AapSessionEngine = AapSessionEngine(profile, timeSource)
+
+    private fun AapSessionEngine.startReady(scope: TestScope) {
+        start(scope)
+        onHandshakeSent()
+        // Non-0x0009 message triggers HANDSHAKING → READY
+        processMessage(dummyMessage(commandType = 0x0002))
+    }
+
+    // ── Lifecycle ───────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    @Nested
+    inner class LifecycleTests {
+
+        @Test
+        fun `start sets CONNECTING`() {
+            val engine = createEngine()
+            val scope = TestScope(UnconfinedTestDispatcher())
+
+            engine.start(scope)
+
+            engine.state.value.connectionState shouldBe AapPodState.ConnectionState.CONNECTING
+        }
+
+        @Test
+        fun `onHandshakeSent sets HANDSHAKING`() {
+            val engine = createEngine()
+            val scope = TestScope(UnconfinedTestDispatcher())
+
+            engine.start(scope)
+            engine.onHandshakeSent()
+
+            engine.state.value.connectionState shouldBe AapPodState.ConnectionState.HANDSHAKING
+        }
+
+        @Test
+        fun `reset clears to DISCONNECTED`() {
+            val engine = createEngine()
+            val scope = TestScope(UnconfinedTestDispatcher())
+
+            engine.start(scope)
+            engine.onHandshakeSent()
+            engine.reset()
+
+            engine.state.value.connectionState shouldBe AapPodState.ConnectionState.DISCONNECTED
+        }
+
+        @Test
+        fun `reset is idempotent`() {
+            val engine = createEngine()
+
+            engine.reset()
+            engine.reset()
+
+            engine.state.value.connectionState shouldBe AapPodState.ConnectionState.DISCONNECTED
+        }
+
+        @Test
+        fun `first non-0x0009 message transitions HANDSHAKING to READY`() {
+            val engine = createEngine()
+            val scope = TestScope(UnconfinedTestDispatcher())
+
+            engine.start(scope)
+            engine.onHandshakeSent()
+            engine.state.value.connectionState shouldBe AapPodState.ConnectionState.HANDSHAKING
+
+            engine.processMessage(dummyMessage(commandType = 0x0002))
+
+            engine.state.value.connectionState shouldBe AapPodState.ConnectionState.READY
+        }
+
+        @Test
+        fun `0x0009 message does NOT trigger READY transition`() {
+            val engine = createEngine()
+            val scope = TestScope(UnconfinedTestDispatcher())
+
+            engine.start(scope)
+            engine.onHandshakeSent()
+
+            engine.processMessage(dummyMessage(commandType = 0x0009))
+
+            engine.state.value.connectionState shouldBe AapPodState.ConnectionState.HANDSHAKING
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Send path ───────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    @Nested
+    inner class SendPathTests {
+
+        @Test
+        fun `send queues when no pod in ear`() = runTest(UnconfinedTestDispatcher()) {
+            val engine = createEngine()
+            engine.startReady(this as TestScope)
+
+            // Put ear detection showing pods in case
+            val earState = engine.state.value.withSetting(
+                AapSetting.EarDetection::class,
+                AapSetting.EarDetection(
+                    primaryPod = AapSetting.EarDetection.PodPlacement.IN_CASE,
+                    secondaryPod = AapSetting.EarDetection.PodPlacement.IN_CASE,
+                ),
+            )
+            // We need to set the state with ear detection — do it by processing a setting message
+            val profile = mockProfile {
+                every { decodeSetting(any()) } returns (AapSetting.EarDetection::class as KClass<out AapSetting> to AapSetting.EarDetection(
+                    primaryPod = AapSetting.EarDetection.PodPlacement.IN_CASE,
+                    secondaryPod = AapSetting.EarDetection.PodPlacement.IN_CASE,
+                ))
+            }
+            val engineWithEar = AapSessionEngine(profile, timeSource)
+            engineWithEar.startReady(this as TestScope)
+
+            // Force ear detection into state via processMessage
+            engineWithEar.processMessage(dummyMessage())
+
+            var sendCount = 0
+            engineWithEar.send(AapCommand.SetAncMode(AapSetting.AncMode.Value.ADAPTIVE)) { sendCount++ }
+
+            sendCount shouldBe 0 // Not sent, queued
+            engineWithEar.state.value.pendingAncMode shouldBe AapSetting.AncMode.Value.ADAPTIVE
+            engineWithEar.state.value.pendingSettingsCount shouldBe 1
+        }
+
+        @Test
+        fun `send immediate when pod in ear`() = runTest(UnconfinedTestDispatcher()) {
+            val profile = mockProfile {
+                every { decodeSetting(any()) } returns (AapSetting.EarDetection::class as KClass<out AapSetting> to AapSetting.EarDetection(
+                    primaryPod = AapSetting.EarDetection.PodPlacement.IN_EAR,
+                    secondaryPod = AapSetting.EarDetection.PodPlacement.NOT_IN_EAR,
+                ))
+            }
+            val engine = AapSessionEngine(profile, timeSource)
+            engine.startReady(this as TestScope)
+            engine.processMessage(dummyMessage()) // Set ear detection
+
+            var sentCommands = mutableListOf<AapCommand>()
+            engine.send(AapCommand.SetConversationalAwareness(true)) { sentCommands.add(it) }
+
+            sentCommands.size shouldBe 1
+            engine.state.value.pendingSettingsCount shouldBe 0
+        }
+
+        @Test
+        fun `flush with ANC plus later setting keeps ANC recent and verifies ANC first`() = runTest(UnconfinedTestDispatcher()) {
+            val ancSetting = AapSetting.AncMode(
+                current = AapSetting.AncMode.Value.ON,
+                supported = listOf(AapSetting.AncMode.Value.ON, AapSetting.AncMode.Value.ADAPTIVE),
+            )
+            var nextSetting: Pair<KClass<out AapSetting>, AapSetting>? = null
+            val profile = mockProfile {
+                every { decodeSetting(any()) } answers { nextSetting }
+            }
+            val engine = AapSessionEngine(profile, timeSource)
+            engine.startReady(this as TestScope)
+
+            nextSetting = AapSetting.EarDetection::class as KClass<out AapSetting> to AapSetting.EarDetection(
+                primaryPod = AapSetting.EarDetection.PodPlacement.IN_CASE,
+                secondaryPod = AapSetting.EarDetection.PodPlacement.IN_CASE,
+            )
+            engine.processMessage(dummyMessage())
+
+            nextSetting = AapSetting.AncMode::class as KClass<out AapSetting> to ancSetting
+            engine.processMessage(dummyMessage())
+
+            nextSetting =
+                AapSetting.ConversationalAwareness::class as KClass<out AapSetting> to
+                    AapSetting.ConversationalAwareness(enabled = false)
+            engine.processMessage(dummyMessage())
+
+            val sentCommands = mutableListOf<AapCommand>()
+            val sendRaw: suspend (AapCommand) -> Unit = { sentCommands += it }
+
+            engine.send(AapCommand.SetAncMode(AapSetting.AncMode.Value.ADAPTIVE), sendRaw)
+            engine.send(AapCommand.SetConversationalAwareness(true), sendRaw)
+
+            engine.state.value.pendingSettingsCount shouldBe 2
+            engine.state.value.pendingAncMode shouldBe AapSetting.AncMode.Value.ADAPTIVE
+
+            nextSetting = AapSetting.EarDetection::class as KClass<out AapSetting> to AapSetting.EarDetection(
+                primaryPod = AapSetting.EarDetection.PodPlacement.IN_EAR,
+                secondaryPod = AapSetting.EarDetection.PodPlacement.NOT_IN_EAR,
+            )
+            engine.processMessage(dummyMessage())
+            runCurrent()
+
+            sentCommands.size shouldBe 2
+            sentCommands[0] shouldBe AapCommand.SetAncMode(AapSetting.AncMode.Value.ADAPTIVE)
+            sentCommands[1] shouldBe AapCommand.SetConversationalAwareness(true)
+
+            nextSetting = AapSetting.AncMode::class as KClass<out AapSetting> to
+                ancSetting.copy(current = AapSetting.AncMode.Value.ON)
+            engine.processMessage(dummyMessage())
+
+            // This would still be ADAPTIVE if the mixed flush path lost the ANC send marker and debounced.
+            engine.state.value.setting<AapSetting.AncMode>()!!.current shouldBe AapSetting.AncMode.Value.ON
+
+            advanceTimeBy(1100L)
+
+            sentCommands.size shouldBe 3
+            sentCommands[2] shouldBe AapCommand.SetAncMode(AapSetting.AncMode.Value.ADAPTIVE)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Message processing — state merge ────────────────────
+
+    @Nested
+    inner class MessageProcessingTests {
+
+        @Test
+        fun `battery decode merges into state and filters DISCONNECTED`() {
+            val profile = mockProfile {
+                every { decodeStemPress(any()) } returns null
+                every { decodeBattery(any()) } returns mapOf(
+                    AapPodState.BatteryType.LEFT to AapPodState.Battery(AapPodState.BatteryType.LEFT, 0.85f, AapPodState.ChargingState.NOT_CHARGING),
+                    AapPodState.BatteryType.CASE to AapPodState.Battery(AapPodState.BatteryType.CASE, 0f, AapPodState.ChargingState.DISCONNECTED),
+                )
+            }
+            val engine = AapSessionEngine(profile, timeSource)
+            val scope = TestScope(UnconfinedTestDispatcher())
+            engine.start(scope)
+            engine.onHandshakeSent()
+
+            engine.processMessage(dummyMessage())
+
+            engine.state.value.batteryLeft shouldBe 0.85f
+            engine.state.value.batteryCase.shouldBeNull() // DISCONNECTED filtered
+        }
+
+        @Test
+        fun `decoded battery message transitions HANDSHAKING to READY`() {
+            val profile = mockProfile {
+                every { decodeBattery(any()) } returns mapOf(
+                    AapPodState.BatteryType.LEFT to AapPodState.Battery(
+                        AapPodState.BatteryType.LEFT,
+                        0.85f,
+                        AapPodState.ChargingState.NOT_CHARGING,
+                    ),
+                )
+            }
+            val engine = AapSessionEngine(profile, timeSource)
+            val scope = TestScope(UnconfinedTestDispatcher())
+            engine.start(scope)
+            engine.onHandshakeSent()
+
+            engine.processMessage(dummyMessage(commandType = 0x0002))
+
+            engine.state.value.connectionState shouldBe AapPodState.ConnectionState.READY
+            engine.state.value.batteryLeft shouldBe 0.85f
+        }
+
+        @Test
+        fun `setting decode merges into state`() {
+            val profile = mockProfile {
+                every { decodeStemPress(any()) } returns null
+                every { decodeBattery(any()) } returns null
+                every { decodePrivateKeyResponse(any()) } returns null
+                every { decodeDeviceInfo(any()) } returns null
+                every { decodeSetting(any()) } returns (AapSetting.ToneVolume::class to AapSetting.ToneVolume(level = 75))
+            }
+            val engine = AapSessionEngine(profile, timeSource)
+            val scope = TestScope(UnconfinedTestDispatcher())
+            engine.start(scope)
+            engine.onHandshakeSent()
+
+            engine.processMessage(dummyMessage(commandType = 0x0002)) // triggers READY + processes setting
+
+            engine.state.value.setting<AapSetting.ToneVolume>()!!.level shouldBe 75
+        }
+
+        @Test
+        fun `stem press emits event`() = runTest(UnconfinedTestDispatcher()) {
+            val profile = mockProfile {
+                every { decodeStemPress(any()) } returns StemPressEvent(
+                    pressType = StemPressEvent.PressType.SINGLE,
+                    bud = StemPressEvent.Bud.LEFT,
+                )
+            }
+            val engine = AapSessionEngine(profile, timeSource)
+            engine.start(this as TestScope)
+
+            var emitted: StemPressEvent? = null
+            val job = launch {
+                emitted = engine.stemPressEvents.first()
+            }
+
+            engine.processMessage(dummyMessage())
+            job.join()
+
+            emitted.shouldNotBeNull()
+            emitted!!.pressType shouldBe StemPressEvent.PressType.SINGLE
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Inference ───────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    @Nested
+    inner class InferenceTests {
+
+        @Test
+        fun `AncMode OFF infers AllowOffOption true`() {
+            val profile = mockProfile {
+                every { decodeStemPress(any()) } returns null
+                every { decodeBattery(any()) } returns null
+                every { decodePrivateKeyResponse(any()) } returns null
+                every { decodeDeviceInfo(any()) } returns null
+                every { decodeSetting(any()) } returns (AapSetting.AncMode::class to AapSetting.AncMode(
+                    current = AapSetting.AncMode.Value.OFF,
+                    supported = listOf(AapSetting.AncMode.Value.OFF, AapSetting.AncMode.Value.ON),
+                ))
+            }
+            val engine = AapSessionEngine(profile, timeSource)
+            val scope = TestScope(UnconfinedTestDispatcher())
+            engine.start(scope)
+            engine.onHandshakeSent()
+
+            // First ANC mode = no debounce, applied immediately
+            engine.processMessage(dummyMessage())
+
+            engine.state.value.setting<AapSetting.AllowOffOption>()?.enabled shouldBe true
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── ANC Debounce ────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    @Nested
+    inner class AncDebounceTests {
+
+        @Test
+        fun `first ANC mode applied immediately without debounce`() {
+            val profile = mockProfile {
+                every { decodeStemPress(any()) } returns null
+                every { decodeBattery(any()) } returns null
+                every { decodePrivateKeyResponse(any()) } returns null
+                every { decodeDeviceInfo(any()) } returns null
+                every { decodeSetting(any()) } returns (AapSetting.AncMode::class to AapSetting.AncMode(
+                    current = AapSetting.AncMode.Value.ON,
+                    supported = listOf(AapSetting.AncMode.Value.ON),
+                ))
+            }
+            val engine = AapSessionEngine(profile, timeSource)
+            val scope = TestScope(UnconfinedTestDispatcher())
+            engine.start(scope)
+            engine.onHandshakeSent()
+
+            engine.processMessage(dummyMessage())
+
+            // Applied immediately (first ANC mode, no debounce)
+            engine.state.value.setting<AapSetting.AncMode>()!!.current shouldBe AapSetting.AncMode.Value.ON
+        }
+
+        @Test
+        fun `unsolicited ANC mode change is debounced`() = runTest(UnconfinedTestDispatcher()) {
+            // Set up with an existing ANC mode and no recent send
+            every { timeSource.currentTimeMillis() } returns 10000L // Well past any send
+
+            val ancSetting = AapSetting.AncMode(
+                current = AapSetting.AncMode.Value.ON,
+                supported = listOf(AapSetting.AncMode.Value.ON, AapSetting.AncMode.Value.TRANSPARENCY),
+            )
+            val profile = mockProfile {
+                every { decodeStemPress(any()) } returns null
+                every { decodeBattery(any()) } returns null
+                every { decodePrivateKeyResponse(any()) } returns null
+                every { decodeDeviceInfo(any()) } returns null
+                every { decodeSetting(any()) } returns (AapSetting.AncMode::class as KClass<out AapSetting> to ancSetting.copy(current = AapSetting.AncMode.Value.TRANSPARENCY))
+            }
+            val engine = AapSessionEngine(profile, timeSource)
+            engine.start(this as TestScope)
+            engine.onHandshakeSent()
+
+            // First message: set initial ANC mode (no debounce for first)
+            every { profile.decodeSetting(any()) } returns (AapSetting.AncMode::class as KClass<out AapSetting> to ancSetting)
+            engine.processMessage(dummyMessage(commandType = 0x0002)) // triggers READY + first ANC
+
+            engine.state.value.setting<AapSetting.AncMode>()!!.current shouldBe AapSetting.AncMode.Value.ON
+
+            // Second message: unsolicited change — should be debounced
+            every { profile.decodeSetting(any()) } returns (AapSetting.AncMode::class as KClass<out AapSetting> to ancSetting.copy(current = AapSetting.AncMode.Value.TRANSPARENCY))
+            engine.processMessage(dummyMessage())
+
+            // Not yet applied (debounced)
+            engine.state.value.setting<AapSetting.AncMode>()!!.current shouldBe AapSetting.AncMode.Value.ON
+
+            // After 1500ms debounce
+            advanceTimeBy(1600L)
+            engine.state.value.setting<AapSetting.AncMode>()!!.current shouldBe AapSetting.AncMode.Value.TRANSPARENCY
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/src/test/java/eu/darken/capod/pods/core/apple/aap/AapSettingsCoordinatorTest.kt b/app/src/test/java/eu/darken/capod/pods/core/apple/aap/AapSettingsCoordinatorTest.kt
index 28327f2e..66ab9a65 100644
--- a/app/src/test/java/eu/darken/capod/pods/core/apple/aap/AapSettingsCoordinatorTest.kt
+++ b/app/src/test/java/eu/darken/capod/pods/core/apple/aap/AapSettingsCoordinatorTest.kt
@@ -154,6 +154,25 @@ class AapSettingsCoordinatorTest : BaseTest() {
             commands[1].shouldBeInstanceOf<AapCommand.SetToneVolume>()
         }
 
+        @Test
+        fun `flush sorts AllowOffOption before AncMode before others`() {
+            val coord = createCoordinator()
+            val state = stateWithSetting(
+                AapSetting.ToneVolume::class to AapSetting.ToneVolume(level = 50),
+            )
+
+            coord.enqueue(AapCommand.SetToneVolume(80), state)
+            coord.enqueue(AapCommand.SetAncMode(AapSetting.AncMode.Value.OFF), state)
+            coord.enqueue(AapCommand.SetAllowOffOption(true), state)
+
+            val (commands, _) = coord.flush()
+
+            commands shouldHaveSize 3
+            commands[0].shouldBeInstanceOf<AapCommand.SetAllowOffOption>()
+            commands[1].shouldBeInstanceOf<AapCommand.SetAncMode>()
+            commands[2].shouldBeInstanceOf<AapCommand.SetToneVolume>()
+        }
+
         @Test
         fun `flush clears queue`() {
             val coord = createCoordinator()